How can gentrification be defined?

Gentrification is best defined as the renovation of urban neighborhoods resulting in the displacement of lower-income residents. This process often occurs when more affluent individuals move into a previously working-class area, attracted by the improvements in public infrastructure, amenities, and housing stock. As these improvements raise property values and rental prices, the original residents, who may not be able to afford increased living costs, are often forced to move to other areas. This shift can lead to significant social and cultural changes in the neighborhood, often causing tension between new and existing residents.

The other options do not accurately describe the concept of gentrification. While population decline in urban areas may occur for various reasons, it does not reflect the transformative and often controversial nature of gentrification. Likewise, the establishment of urban parks and green spaces, and the creation of affordable housing are related to urban development and planning but do not capture the essence of gentrification, which specifically involves the process of economic transition and its impact on current residents.